T\u00fcrkiye, emperyalist \u00fclkelere \u00c7anakkale\u2019yi ge\u00e7ilmez yapmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, girdi\u011fi d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131nda yenik say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclke \u0130zmir\u2019den ba\u015flayarak \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin i\u015fgaline u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 Ba\u015fkomutan Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa \u00f6nderli\u011finde, 1212 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi vererek, i\u015fgalcileri geldi\u011fi gibi geri g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. 1 Kas\u0131m 1922 g\u00fcn\u00fc saltanat kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 17 Kas\u0131m 1922 g\u00fcn\u00fc de Padi\u015fah Vahdettin bir \u0130ngiliz harp gemisiyle \u0130stanbul\u2019dan ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclkede nas\u0131l bir rejim kurulaca\u011f\u0131 merak edilir olmu\u015ftu. 28 Ekim 1923 gecesi \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc\u2019nde Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa arkada\u015flar\u0131na, \u201cyemekten sonra Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 maddelerinin \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131n\u0131\u201d\u00a0 bildirmi\u015f, yeni ba\u015fbakan aday\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u0130smet Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 da bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya davet etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u2018\u2018Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 eline ald\u0131, do\u011fruldu, derin bir nefes ald\u0131ktan sonra hafif\u00e7e taba\u011f\u0131na vurarak:<\/p>\n
\u2018Beyler\u2019 dedi.<\/p>\n
O da heyecanl\u0131, ka\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ama g\u00f6zlerinde g\u00fcle\u00e7 bir ifadeyle arkada\u015flar\u0131na bak\u0131yordu. \u00c7\u0131t \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yordu \u015fimdi yemek salonunda:<\/p>\n
\u2018Beyler, yar\u0131n cumhuriyeti ilan edece\u011fiz.\u2019<\/p>\n
Tek tek herkesin y\u00fcz\u00fcne bakarak durumu kontrol ediyordu. \u015eimdi sofradakiler y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7arpm\u0131\u015f gibi kalakalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Neden sonra, beyinlerde \u015fok yaratan bu haberi alk\u0131\u015flamak birilerinin akl\u0131na geldi ve yemek odas\u0131 bir anda sanki patlad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa uygun bir s\u00fcre bekledikten sonra a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc:<\/p>\n
\u2018T\u00fcrkiye Devleti\u2019nin h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u015fekli cumhuriyettir. Bunu anayasam\u0131za, yar\u0131nki Meclis toplant\u0131m\u0131zda koyduraca\u011f\u0131z. Haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bir kez daha g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmeliyiz.\u201d1<\/p>\n
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, Nutuk\u2019ta o geceyi \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\u201cEfendiler, g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz ki, Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131na karar verebilmek i\u00e7in Ankara\u2019da bulunan b\u00fct\u00fcn arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131 davet ederek onlarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp tart\u0131\u015fmaya asla l\u00fczum g\u00f6rmedim. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar\u0131n da asl\u0131nda ve tabii olarak benim gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerinden \u015f\u00fcphe etmiyordum. H\u00e2lbuki o s\u0131rada Ankara\u2019da bulunmayan baz\u0131 ki\u015filer, yetkileri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, kendilerine haber verilmeden, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve r\u0131zalar\u0131 al\u0131nmadan Cumhuriyetin ilan edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 bize g\u00fccenme ve bizden ayr\u0131lma sebebi sayd\u0131lar.\u201d2<\/p>\n
Gazi\u2019nin akl\u0131na, \u201cCumhuriyet\u2019in \u0130lan\u0131\u201d fikri 28 Ekim 1923 g\u00fcn\u00fc ilk defa m\u0131 gelmi\u015fti? Acaba Gazi\u2019nin akl\u0131nda \u00fclkenin idare \u015fekli ne olaca\u011f\u0131 ne zaman \u015fekillenmi\u015fti, an\u0131msayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n
1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Cumhuriyet yolundaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini Beyrut\u2019ta yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konu\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6\u011frenebiliriz;<\/p>\n
\u201cDava y\u0131k\u0131lmak \u00fczere olan imparatorluktan, \u00f6nce bir T\u00fcrk Devleti \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131r.\u201d3<\/p>\n
II. Me\u015frutiyet y\u0131llar\u0131nda ise; \u201c\u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 tamamlamak gerekir. Biz bunu yapabiliriz. Ben bunu yapaca\u011f\u0131m. Evet, ink\u0131l\u00e2p yapaca\u011f\u0131z. Bug\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lan ink\u0131l\u00e2p yeterli say\u0131lmaz. Fazlas\u0131n\u0131 yapaca\u011f\u0131z\u201d demi\u015ftir.4<\/p>\n
19 May\u0131s 1919\u2019dan \u00f6nceki devrede Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, \u201cCumhuriyet\u201d konusuna kafa yormakta, ancak \u201cCumhuriyet\u201d fikrini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirmemektedir. Alman yazar Gotthard Jaschke, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyetinin Kurucusu Atat\u00fcrk\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda bu durumu \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r; \u201cAtat\u00fcrk kendi i\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini birka\u00e7 yak\u0131n dostundan ba\u015fkas\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131klamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u0131\u015far\u0131ya, padi\u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, Anadolu \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oktan bir oldu-bittiye geldikten sonra bile hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi\u011fi san\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 veriyordu.\u201d5<\/p>\n
22 Haziran 1919 tarihli Amasya Genelgesi\u2019nde ge\u00e7en; \u201cVatan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, milletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikededir. Milletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yine milletin azim ve karar\u0131 kurtaracakt\u0131r\u201d ifadesi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a milli egemenlik ve daha da ilerisinde, cumhuriyete do\u011fru giden yolda at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlardan birisini te\u015fkil edecektir. Amasya Genelgesi\u2019nde yer alan \u201cMilli Egemenlik\u201d ilkesi, daha sonraki tarihlerde yap\u0131lacak olan Erzurum ve Sivas Kongresi kararlar\u0131na da etki edecektir. T\u00fcrk milletinin kendi egemenli\u011fini eline almas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131lan bir davet niteli\u011finde olan bu genelge, T\u00fcrk milletinin kendi kaderini \u00e7izmesi do\u011frultusunda, art\u0131k yeni bir y\u00f6netimin, Cumhuriyetin ilk i\u015faretlerini vermekteydi denilebilir.<\/p>\n
Erzurum Kongresi\u2019nin haz\u0131rl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada, 7\/8 Temmuz 1919 sabah\u0131, Bitlis Eski Valisi Mazhar M\u00fcfit Bey\u2019in, Gazi\u2019ye; \u201cBa\u015far\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u015fekli ne olacak?\u201d \u015feklindeki y\u00f6neltti\u011fi soruya Gazi; \u201cZaferden sonra h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u015fekli Cumhuriyet olacakt\u0131r.\u201d demi\u015ftir. S\u00fcreyya (Yi\u011fit) Bey ile Mazhar M\u00fcfit (Kansu) Bey ilk defa Mustafa Kemal\u2019in a\u011fz\u0131ndan \u201cCumhuriyet\u201d kelimesini o sabah duymu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1919 y\u0131l\u0131na ait \u0130ngiliz belgelerinde, Anadolu hareketinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir cumhuriyete do\u011fru yol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmekte, 22 Eyl\u00fcl 1919 tarihli The Times gazetesi ise Sivas Kongresi\u2019nden; \u201cSivas\u2019ta ki Anadolu Cumhuriyeti\u201d diye s\u00f6z etmektedir. Ayn\u0131 tarihlerde \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 devlet y\u00f6neticilerinin bu y\u00f6ndeki kayg\u0131lar\u0131 da bilinmekteydi.6<\/p>\n
Fransa\u2019n\u0131n en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f gazetelerinden Le Temps\u2019in, 24 A\u011fustos 1919 tarihli n\u00fcshas\u0131nda, Anadolu\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir cumhuriyet ilan edilece\u011fine dair verdi\u011fi haber dikkat \u00e7ekmekteydi. Sivas Kongresi sonras\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz Amirali Sir John de Robeck\u2019in 17 Eyl\u00fcl 1919 tarihinde D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Lord Curzon\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporda, Anadolu\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan milli hareketten bahisle, bunun asl\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir cumhuriyetin kurulmas\u0131na do\u011fru geli\u015fme kaydetti\u011fi haberi verilmekteydi. Chicago Daily News gazetesinin 25 Ekim 1919 tarihli n\u00fcshas\u0131ndaysa, Sivas Kongresi haberlerine yer veriliyor ve Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa liderli\u011findeki Anadolu Sava\u015f\u0131 bir devrim olarak nitelendiriliyordu.7<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131 ilk ba\u015flarda s\u00f6ylenmese dahi, bu yol Cumhuriyet\u2019e giden yoldu. Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak olan ve belirgin bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k devresini alt yap\u0131 olarak ortaya koyan Birinci T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, 23 Nisan 1920\u2019de g\u00f6reve ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan 1 Kas\u0131m 1922\u2019de saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, 24 Temmuz 1923\u2019te ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayan Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131, 2 Ekim 1923\u2019te T\u00fcrk askerlerinin \u0130stanbul\u2019a girmesi, 13 Ekim 1923\u2019te Ankara\u2019n\u0131n yeni devletin ba\u015fkenti olmas\u0131, Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131na giden yolu a\u00e7an ve kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran olaylard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7:<\/p>\n
1946\u2019dan itibaren gelen iktidarlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesimi adeta Cumhuriyet ve kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yok etme ere\u011fiyle ve taviziyle oy alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcleri\u2019nin 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamen kapat\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn fert olma yerine kul olma yolunu tekrar a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sahte \u201cDemokratl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u201d \u201cDemirk\u0131rat\u201d olarak halka sunulmas\u0131 s\u0131rayla Atat\u00fcrk devrimlerinin t\u00f6rp\u00fclenmesine ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de yok edilmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yap\u0131lan her \u015feyin din eksenine oturtulmas\u0131 ile Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn bize emaneti olan eserleri birer birer yok edilmektedir. Onlar\u0131n hedefleri; 2023\u2026 Cumhuriyet\u2019in 100. Y\u0131l\u0131\u2026 Atat\u00fcrk Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni y\u0131kman\u0131n, devrimlerle hesapla\u015fman\u0131n sona erece\u011fi y\u0131l\u2026 91 y\u0131l \u00f6nce bug\u00fcn, k\u00fcllerinden yeniden do\u011fan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u201cCumhuriyet\u201d ile nas\u0131l ta\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilen biz Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcler i\u00e7in hedef sadece 2023 de\u011fil, \u00fclkesini ve rejimini sonsuza kadar korumak olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
29 Ekim 2014<\/p>\n
ADD E\u011fitim Kurulu<\/p>\n
1 Nezihe Araz, Mustafa Kemal\u2019le Bin G\u00fcn, Ankara, 1993, s. 158.
\n2 Mustafa Kemal Nutuk, Haz\u0131rlayan Zeynep Korkmaz, Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi, Ankara 1998, s. 543.
\n3 Ali Fuat Cebesoy, S\u0131n\u0131f Arkada\u015f\u0131m Atat\u00fcrk, \u0130stanbul 1967, S. 108.
\n4 A.Afet \u0130nan, Atat\u00fcrk Hakk\u0131nda Hat\u0131ralar ve Belgeler, Ankara 1968, S.75.
\n5 Gotthard Jaschke, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyetinin Kurucusu Atat\u00fcrk, Ankara 1967, S. 556.
\n6 Zeki Ar\u0131kan, \u201cCumhuriyetin \u0130l\u00e2n\u0131 ve \u0130zmir Bas\u0131n\u0131\u201d, Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Dergisi, Temmuz 198, S. 959.
\n7 Bilal N. \u015eim\u015fir, \u0130ngiliz Belgelerinde Atat\u00fcrk (1919-1938), 1, Ankara 1973.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye, emperyalist \u00fclkelere \u00c7anakkale\u2019yi ge\u00e7ilmez yapmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, girdi\u011fi d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131nda yenik say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclke \u0130zmir\u2019den ba\u015flayarak \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin i\u015fgaline u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 Ba\u015fkomutan Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa \u00f6nderli\u011finde, 1212 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi vererek, i\u015fgalcileri geldi\u011fi gibi geri g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. 1 Kas\u0131m 1922 g\u00fcn\u00fc saltanat kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 17 Kas\u0131m 1922 g\u00fcn\u00fc de Padi\u015fah Vahdettin bir \u0130ngiliz harp gemisiyle…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":118,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-117","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arsiv-2018","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/addstuttgart.de\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/addstuttgart.de\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/addstuttgart.de\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/addstuttgart.de\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/addstuttgart.de\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=117"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/addstuttgart.de\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/addstuttgart.de\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/118"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/addstuttgart.de\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/addstuttgart.de\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=117"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/addstuttgart.de\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=117"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}